ACE inhibitors, or Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors, are a class of medications primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. They work by relaxing blood vessels and reducing the workload on the heart, making them effective for various cardiovascular conditions.
Key points about ACE inhibitors include:
- Mechanism of Action: ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. This leads to dilation of blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure and decreases the heart's workload.
- Uses:
- High Blood Pressure: By relaxing blood vessels, ACE inhibitors help lower blood pressure.
- Heart Failure: They are used to improve symptoms, reduce hospitalizations, and increase survival.
- After a Heart Attack: ACE inhibitors can improve survival rates and aid in the healing process of the heart.
- Chronic Kidney Disease: They can be beneficial in slowing the progression of kidney damage, especially in diabetes.
- Common ACE Inhibitors: Some examples include enalapril (Vasotec), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), ramipril (Altace), and captopril (Capoten).
- Side Effects: Common side effects include a persistent dry cough, increased blood potassium levels (hyperkalemia), fatigue, dizziness, and headaches. Less common but more serious side effects can include kidney dysfunction and angioedema (swelling of the deeper layers of the skin).
- Contraindications: They are not recommended for use during pregnancy. People with a history of angioedema or those who have had a severe allergic reaction to any ACE inhibitor should not take these medications.
- Interactions: They can interact with other medications, including diuretics, certain pain relievers (like NSAIDs), and lithium. It's also important to monitor potassium levels as ACE inhibitors can increase potassium in the blood.
- Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood pressure, kidney function, and electrolytes is important when on ACE inhibitors.
ACE inhibitors are often a first-line treatment for hypertension and are particularly beneficial for people with certain conditions like heart failure, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. However, individual responses to these medications can vary, and it's essential to discuss with a healthcare provider whether an ACE inhibitor is suitable for your specific health needs.