Beta-blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, are a class of medications primarily used to manage abnormal heart rhythms and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack. They work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, and by causing the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which lowers blood pressure. Beta-blockers also help blood vessels open up to improve blood flow.

Common uses of beta-blockers include:

  1. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): They reduce the heart rate and the heart's output of blood, which lowers blood pressure.

  2. Angina (Chest Pain): By slowing the heart rate, beta-blockers improve blood flow and decrease the heart's demand for oxygen.

  3. Heart Failure: Certain beta-blockers improve the heart's function over time and help prevent hospitalizations.

  4. Irregular Heartbeat (Arrhythmia): They help maintain a regular and steady heartbeat.

  5. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Beta-blockers are used in the acute phase of a heart attack to lower the demand on the heart and also as a long-term preventive measure.

  6. Anxiety: Sometimes used to relieve the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as a fast heart rate.

  7. Migraine: Beta-blockers can help reduce the frequency and severity of migraines.

  8. Hyperthyroidism: They may be used to treat symptoms like a fast heart rate.

  9. Glaucoma: Certain beta-blockers are used as eye drops for glaucoma.

Common types of beta-blockers include metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL), propranolol (Inderal LA, InnoPran XL), atenolol (Tenormin), bisoprolol (Zebeta), and carvedilol (Coreg).

Side effects can vary depending on the specific beta-blocker and can include fatigue, cold hands and feet, weight gain, depression, and sleep disturbances. Beta-blockers generally should not be abruptly discontinued as this can lead to a rebound effect, which can trigger a heart attack or other heart problems.

It's important to discuss with a healthcare provider whether a beta-blocker is the right medication for your condition, as well as the potential risks and benefits.