A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination. It's typically used to diagnose diseases, especially cancer. The sample is often examined under a microscope and can be analyzed chemically.
There are several types and methods of biopsy:
- Excisional Biopsy: The entire lump or suspicious area is removed. Often used when a lump is easily accessible, or if there's a strong suspicion of cancer.
- Incisional Biopsy: Only a portion of the tumor or abnormal area is removed. This is typically done when the tumor is large.
- Core Needle Biopsy: A large, hollow needle is used to remove a sample of tissue. This method is often used for tumors that are easily accessible, such as breast lumps.
- Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy: A thin, hollow needle attached to a syringe is used to withdraw fluid and cells. This method is often used for easily accessible tumors or cysts.
- Punch Biopsy: A circular tool is used to remove a small core of skin, including deeper layers (epidermis, dermis, and superficial fat). This is often used for skin lesions.
- Endoscopic Biopsy: Done during an endoscopy, where a thin, flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end (endoscope) is used to look at tissues inside the body. Small tools are passed through the endoscope to take the sample.
- Bone Marrow Biopsy: A large needle is used to enter the pelvis bone to collect bone marrow. This is often used to diagnose blood disorders.
- Liver Biopsy: A needle is inserted into the liver to remove tissue. This is used to diagnose liver diseases.
- Kidney Biopsy: Similar to a liver biopsy, but the needle is inserted into the kidney.
The method of biopsy chosen depends on various factors such as the location of the suspected disease, the patient's health, and the purpose of the biopsy (diagnosis, staging, etc.). Each type of biopsy has its own benefits and risks, and the choice is often a decision made by the healthcare provider based on the individual's specific circumstances.