Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), also known as coronary artery disease, is a condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. This disease is primarily caused by atherosclerosis, a process in which plaque (a combination of fat, cholesterol, and other substances) builds up on the inner walls of the arteries. This buildup can reduce or block blood flow, leading to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or, in more severe cases, a heart attack.
Key factors contributing to the development of CHD include:
- Unhealthy Lifestyle Choices: Poor diet, lack of exercise, and smoking are significant risk factors.
- High Blood Cholesterol Levels: Excess cholesterol can accumulate and form plaque in the arteries.
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): This can damage arteries over time, making them more susceptible to atherosclerosis.
- Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and the nerves that control the heart.
- Genetics: A family history of heart disease increases the risk.
- Age and Gender: Risk increases with age, and men are generally at higher risk than women, although women's risk increases after menopause.
Symptoms of CHD can vary, but common signs include:
- Chest pain or discomfort (angina), often triggered by physical activity or stress and relieved by rest.
- Shortness of breath.
- Fatigue and weakness.
- Heart palpitations.
Diagnosis of CHD typically involves a thorough medical history review, a physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECG), stress tests, echocardiograms, and coronary angiography.
Treatment for CHD aims to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications like heart attacks. It includes lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, quitting smoking), medications (to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, and reduce heart workload), and in some cases, medical procedures like angioplasty and stent placement, or coronary artery bypass surgery.
Prevention of CHD is crucial and involves managing risk factors, adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, regular check-ups, and, in some cases, medication to control cholesterol and blood pressure.