Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a medical condition where a blood clot (thrombus) forms in a deep vein, typically in the legs. This condition can be serious because the clot can dislodge and travel through the bloodstream, potentially causing a blockage in the lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.

Causes and Risk Factors

  • Prolonged immobility: Such as during long flights or bed rest.

  • Certain medical conditions: Like cancer, heart disease, or inherited blood-clotting disorders.

  • Surgery: Especially orthopedic surgeries like hip or knee replacement.

  • Age: Risk increases with age, particularly over 60.

  • Obesity: Excess weight puts more pressure on the veins in the pelvis and legs.

  • Pregnancy: Increases pressure in the veins of the pelvis and legs.

  • Hormone therapy or birth control pills: These can increase the risk of clotting.

  • Smoking: This affects blood clotting and circulation.

Symptoms

  • Swelling: Usually in one leg.

  • Pain or tenderness: Often starting in the calf and can feel like cramping or soreness.

  • Red or discolored skin: Notably on the affected leg.

  • Warmth: The area around the clot may feel warm to the touch.

Diagnosis

  • Physical Examination: Focused on the affected limb.

  • Ultrasound: Most common test for diagnosing DVT.

  • Blood test: Especially the D-dimer test, which can indicate the presence of an abnormal blood clot.

  • Venography or CT/MRI scans: Used in more complex cases.

Treatment

  • Anticoagulants: Blood thinners, like warfarin or heparin, to prevent clot growth.

  • Compression stockings: To prevent swelling and reduce the chance of clotting.

  • Thrombolytics: In severe cases, these drugs can dissolve clots.

  • Filters: In some cases, a filter might be placed in the vena cava to prevent clots from traveling to the lungs.

Prevention

  • Exercise: Regular physical activity, especially during long periods of immobility.

  • Hydration: Staying hydrated helps prevent blood clots.

  • Avoidance of smoking and managing weight: To reduce overall risk.

It's important for individuals to seek medical attention if they suspect DVT, as early treatment is crucial to prevent complications like pulmonary embolism. Those with risk factors for DVT should discuss preventive measures with their healthcare provider.