Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to chronic inflammation and often hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

Causes

  • Autoimmune Reaction: The body's immune system mistakenly attacks thyroid tissue.

  • Genetic Susceptibility: There's often a familial predisposition.

  • Environmental Factors: Such as exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, may play a role.

  • Hormonal Changes: Particularly in women, like those during pregnancy and menopause.

Symptoms

  • Fatigue and Sluggishness: Persistent tiredness.

  • Increased Sensitivity to Cold: Feeling cold when others do not.

  • Constipation: Often chronic.

  • Pale, Dry Skin: Changes in skin texture and tone.

  • A Puffy Face: Particularly noticeable around the eyes.

  • Hoarse Voice: Due to effects on the throat and voice box.

  • Weight Gain: Unexplained and often despite no change in diet.

  • Muscle Weakness, Aches, and Stiffness: Particularly in the shoulders and hips.

  • Depression: Can be a significant mental health symptom.

  • Memory Lapses: Difficulty with concentration or forgetfulness.

Treatment

Hashimoto's disease treatment typically involves managing symptoms and maintaining normal thyroid hormone levels:

  1. Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy:
    • Levothyroxine: A synthetic form of thyroxine (T4) is the standard treatment. The dosage is tailored to each individual and adjusted based on thyroid function tests.

Medication

  • Levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl, others): The medication of choice to replace the deficient thyroid hormone.

Examination

  • Blood Tests: Including TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) and free T4 to assess thyroid function. High TSH and low T4 levels typically indicate hypothyroidism.

  • Thyroid Antibody Tests: High levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies are common in Hashimoto's.

  • Ultrasound of the Thyroid: To check for changes in the thyroid's size and characteristics.

Regular follow-up is essential to monitor thyroid function and adjust medication dosage. It's also important for patients to be aware of the symptoms of both hypo- and hyperthyroidism, as treatment needs can change over time. Lifestyle modifications, like a healthy diet and regular exercise, can also help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.