Hypothyroidism is a common condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. It can slow down metabolism and affect various body functions.
Causes
- Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid.
- Thyroid Surgery: Removal of all or part of the thyroid can reduce hormone production.
- Radiation Therapy: Used to treat cancers of the head and neck can affect thyroid function.
- Medications: Certain medicines can contribute to hypothyroidism.
- Iodine Deficiency: Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production.
- Pregnancy: Some women develop hypothyroidism during or after pregnancy.
- Pituitary Disorder: A rare cause where the pituitary gland fails to stimulate the thyroid.
- Congenital Hypothyroidism: Some babies are born with a dysfunctional thyroid or no thyroid at all.
Symptoms
- Fatigue: Persistent tiredness.
- Weight Gain: Unexpected weight gain.
- Cold Intolerance: Sensitivity to cold temperatures.
- Dry Skin and Hair: Including hair loss.
- Constipation: Slower digestive function.
- Depression: Mood swings and depression.
- Memory Problems: Difficulty with concentration and memory.
- Muscle Weakness and Aches: General muscular pain and weakness.
- Slowed Heart Rate.
- Menstrual Changes: Heavier or irregular periods.
- Hoarseness: Changes in voice.
Treatment
The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is hormone replacement therapy:
- Levothyroxine: A synthetic form of thyroxine (T4), the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It's taken orally and restores adequate hormone levels, reversing the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism.
Medications
- Levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl, others): The standard medication, dosed according to individual needs.
Patients with hypothyroidism typically need lifelong treatment. Regular thyroid function tests are necessary to ensure the right dosage of levothyroxine, especially during the first months of treatment. It's important for patients to communicate with their healthcare provider about any symptoms or side effects, as well as any other medications or supplements they're taking, as they can affect thyroid hormone levels and the effectiveness of levothyroxine.