A prostatectomy is a surgical procedure where the prostate gland is removed. This surgery is often performed to treat prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate. The prostate gland is located below the bladder and surrounds the top portion of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.

There are several types of prostatectomy surgeries, including:

1. Radical Prostatectomy: This involves the removal of the entire prostate gland, along with some surrounding tissues and possibly the seminal vesicles. It's primarily used to treat prostate cancer.
2. Simple or Subtotal Prostatectomy: Typically used to treat BPH, this procedure involves removing only part of the prostate.
3. Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: This is a less invasive method where the prostate is removed through several small incisions with the help of a camera and instruments.
4. Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: Similar to laparoscopic surgery, but performed with the aid of a robotic system, which may provide more precision.

The decision to perform a prostatectomy and the choice of technique depends on several factors, including the stage and grade of cancer (if present), the size of the prostate, the patient’s health and preferences, and the surgeon's experience and expertise.

Prostatectomy, like any major surgery, carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and complications from anesthesia. Specific to prostatectomy, there are risks of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, although advances in surgical techniques have aimed to reduce these side effects. Recovery time and prognosis vary based on the individual patient and the specifics of the surgery.